Spirit, acid and sugar balanced to the gram — and lately a lab's worth of technique: clarifying, fat-washing, infusing, carbonating, until a drink can taste of a whole dish.
Jerry Thomas's bar guide of 1862 is usually counted the first cocktail book, and the drinks it set down — sours, punches, juleps, the old fashioned — are still the grammar. From the late twentieth century a craft revival rebuilt them with fresh juice and measured pours, and it went round the world.
By the 2010s bars had brought in the kitchen's tools. Dave Arnold's Booker and Dax in New York chilled glasses with liquid nitrogen, clarified juice in a centrifuge and carbonated its cocktails. Today the most celebrated bars build drinks the way a kitchen builds a plate — Double Chicken Please lists its back-room drinks like a menu of dishes, and Superbueno clarifies guava for a vodka soda.